Vehicle System.

VEHICLE  SYSTEM:-
Layout of chasis (Components of automobile vehicle).

Various Components are,
1. Chasis. 
2. Axle.
3. Wheels. 
4. Suspension. 
5. Steering. 
6. Engine.
7. Clutch. 
8. Gearbox. 
9. Propeller shaft and universal joint. 
10. Differential gearbox. 
11. Radiator. 

1.CHASIS:
It is a metallic frame on which various components of automobile like engine,  gearbox,  clutch,  etc.  are to be mounted.

2.AXLE:
Axles are the component on which chasis is to be mounted.
Types of axle-
●Front axle~ It supports the chasis on the front side.
The steering mechanism mounted on front axle.
●Rear axle~ It supports the chasis on rear side.

3.SUSPENSION:
The chasis mounted on the axle not directly but through suspension system.
The suspension system isolate the vehicle body and passengers from the road shocks.

4.WHEELS:
This are mounted on the axle.
The load of the vehicle and passengers is supported by wheels through axle.

5.STEERING:
It is used to change the direction of front two wheels at the time of taking turns.

6.ENGINE:
It is an I.C engine which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy in terms of rotation of crank shaft.

7.CLUTCH:
It is located between gearbox and engine.
It is used to engage or disengage the driving and driven shaft, whenever required by the driver.

8.GEARBOX:
It is used to transmit the power from engine to propeller shaft through clutch.
It is used to increase or decrease the speed.

9.PROPELLER SHAFT /GEARBOX:
It is a mechanical device or element that transmits the power from gearbox to differential gearbox on rear axle.
One end of propeller shaft is connected to the gearbox output shaft through universal joint and other end of propeller shaft is connected to differential through universal joint.

10.DIFFERENTIAL GEARBOX:
It is used to transmit the power from propeller shaft to the shaft of the rear axle at right angle (90°).

11.RADIATOR:
It is mounted on the front of the vehicle and it is used for cold the hot coolent coming out from the engine and send it back to the engine.
vehicle system.com

Casting.

CASTING :-
Casting is one of the oldest method of manufacturing the metal components in which metal is first heated and poor that molten metal in the mold and allowed to solidified.

SAND CASTING PROCESS :
The process in which the mold is prepared by sand is called as sand casting process .

Steps in sand casting process-
1. Pattern making.
2. Sand mixing. 
3. Mould making.
4. Core making (optional).
5. Melting and pouring of molten metal.
6. Cooling and solidification. 
7. Cleaning and finishing. 
8. Inspection.

1. Patter making:
When the pattern of wood , metal or plastic which is used to making of cavity.

2. Sand mixing:
Prepared the sand for making of cavity.

3. Mould making:
The process of making cavity of desired shape is called as mould making. 
In sand casting process the mould is made up of sand material. 

4.Core making:
Core is the obstruction which is placed inside the mould in order to make hollow casting. 
Placed core inside the mould in order to make hollow casting. 
In sand casting process,  the core is of sand material. 

5. Melting and pouring of molten metal:
Melt the metal inside the furnace and pour the molten metal into the mould. 

6. Cooling and solidification:
After pouring the molten metal,  the mould is allowed to solidify. 

7. Cleaning and finishing:
After broken the mould,  the sand particles are stick on the casting components and they are removed by brush. 

8. Inspection:
To the inspection,  generally if defects are present, then is rejected.

casting, sand casting process.com

Cooling system.

COOLING  SYSTEM :-
The system which are used for controlling the temperature of IC engine is called as cooling system. 

TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM:
1. Air cooling system.
2. Water cooling system.

Water Cooling System:-
In this system , water or coolent is used as coolent medium.

Fig. Shows the schematical diagram of water cooling system used in IC engine.
WORKING:
1. The cylinder of IC engine is surrounded by water jackets.
2. The water of coolent flows through the water jackets and absorb heat from cylinder. 
3. The hot water from engine flows through the radiator. 
4. Initially,  the hot water from water jacket comes in heat tank and flows through radiator tubes, where it loses the heat to surrounding cold air.
5. The cold coolent is collected in collector tank and is further supplied to the water jacket by using centrifugal pump. 

cooling system, water cooling system.

Suspension system.

SUSPENSION  SYSTEM :-

Location:
In automobile vehicles,  the suspension system is mounted between chasis and axle.

Function of suspension system:
* It isolate the vehicle body from road shocks.
* To isolate the passenger and cargos from the road shocks.
* To maintain the contact between the tyres and road.

TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEMS:
● Leaf spring.
● Telescopic suspension system.
● Machperson.
● Double wishbone.

TELESCOPIC  SUSPENSION  SYSTEM :-

Fig. Shows the schematical layout of the telescopic suspension system. It consist of,
1.helical compression spring. 
2.hydraulic damper.

WORKING:-
1. In this suspension system the helical compression spring is made up of steel and this is mounted around the hydraulic damper.
2. Hydraulic damper is consisting of piston and cylinder arrangement,  which is completely filled with the oil.
3. During operation,  when road shocks acts on the vehicle and initially are absorb by helical compression spring and the oscillation of helical compression spring is restrict by hydraulic oil in the damper.

suspension system.

Pump

CENTRIFUGAL  PUMP :-
It is dynamic pressure pump.
Fig. Shows the schematical layout of centrifugal pump, It consist of-
1. Strainer.
2. Foot valve.
3. Impeller.
4. Suction pump.
5. Casing.
6. Blade.
7. Delivery pipe.
8. Electric motor shaft.

WORKING:-
Before starting of electric pump the whole pump including casing , delivery pipe, suction pipe are completely filled with water. 
This process is known as PRIMING PROCESS.
(for removing  air pockets.)

The start of electric motor causes impeller to rotate due to which the vaccum is to be created inside the casing.
Hence, the water from the sump enters into the casing through suction pipe.
The further rotation of impeller causes the water from the casing is deliver to overhead tank at high pressure.

pump

Machine tool

LATHE  MACHINE:-
Principal of operation of lathe machine.

1. In lathe machine,  the workpiece on which the motioning operation is perform is held on the chuck of head stroke.

2. And cutting tool is fixed on the tool post of carriage.

3. The field is given to the cutting tool as it is made of harder material than workpiece .

4. It removes the unwanted material from the workpiece in the cheaps so as to give required size and shape to the workpiece. 

Lathe machine operation .

*Turning            *Parting

*Facing               *Knurling

*Chamfering      *Drilling

*Grooving           *Boring

*Threading         *Reaming

TURNING:

Process-reading the diameter of workpiece. 

Cutting tool-turning tool.

Tool type- single point cutting tool.

Feed-longitudinal feed.machine tool

Brakes

BRAKES:-
Brake is a device which are used for slowdown or completely stop the motion of any moving element by applying artificial frictional resistance.

Types of brakes:
1. Block brake.
2. Band brake.
3. Internal expanding brake(drum brake).
4. Disc brake.

Internal Expanding Brake(Drum brake):-

Figure shows the schymetial diagram of internal expanding brake.
1. It consisting of 2 shoes called brake.The outer surface of brake shoe are provided with brake pads in order to retard the motion of brake drum.
2. The lower end of the shoes are pioted by using hinge pin and upper end of the brake shoes are connected to the piston of the hinge cylinder. 
3. The wheel cylinder is consisting of 2 piston  and cylinder mechanism. 

WORKING:
1. During operation, when brake pedal is press downward for applying the brake. The piston in master cylinder moves the piston in forward direction.
2. Due to which the brake oil at high pressure enters in the wheel cylinder.  Hence , the piston in wheel cylinder forces outward direction. 
3. Due to which the brake shoes are comes in the contact with the rotating brake drum. 
4. And the brake pads provided on the outer surface of brake shoes retards the motion of rotating brake drum.

    When force on brake pedal is remove , because of the retracting spring the brake shoes return to it's original position. brake