Machine tool

LATHE  MACHINE:-
Principal of operation of lathe machine.

1. In lathe machine,  the workpiece on which the motioning operation is perform is held on the chuck of head stroke.

2. And cutting tool is fixed on the tool post of carriage.

3. The field is given to the cutting tool as it is made of harder material than workpiece .

4. It removes the unwanted material from the workpiece in the cheaps so as to give required size and shape to the workpiece. 

Lathe machine operation .

*Turning            *Parting

*Facing               *Knurling

*Chamfering      *Drilling

*Grooving           *Boring

*Threading         *Reaming

TURNING:

Process-reading the diameter of workpiece. 

Cutting tool-turning tool.

Tool type- single point cutting tool.

Feed-longitudinal feed.machine tool

Brakes

BRAKES:-
Brake is a device which are used for slowdown or completely stop the motion of any moving element by applying artificial frictional resistance.

Types of brakes:
1. Block brake.
2. Band brake.
3. Internal expanding brake(drum brake).
4. Disc brake.

Internal Expanding Brake(Drum brake):-

Figure shows the schymetial diagram of internal expanding brake.
1. It consisting of 2 shoes called brake.The outer surface of brake shoe are provided with brake pads in order to retard the motion of brake drum.
2. The lower end of the shoes are pioted by using hinge pin and upper end of the brake shoes are connected to the piston of the hinge cylinder. 
3. The wheel cylinder is consisting of 2 piston  and cylinder mechanism. 

WORKING:
1. During operation, when brake pedal is press downward for applying the brake. The piston in master cylinder moves the piston in forward direction.
2. Due to which the brake oil at high pressure enters in the wheel cylinder.  Hence , the piston in wheel cylinder forces outward direction. 
3. Due to which the brake shoes are comes in the contact with the rotating brake drum. 
4. And the brake pads provided on the outer surface of brake shoes retards the motion of rotating brake drum.

    When force on brake pedal is remove , because of the retracting spring the brake shoes return to it's original position. brake

Single Plate Clutch.

SINGLE  PLATE  CLUTCH :-

Figure shows the schymetical layout of single plate clutch,
 It consist of 2 plates.
 1. Driving plate.
 It is mounted on the driving shaft.
 2. Driven plate.
 It is mounted on the driven shaft.
 CONSTRUCTION: 
   1. Driven plate is lined with friction material 
     on it's one side.
   2. This two plates keep in engage position by       helical compression spring.
   3. The helical compression spring exerts axial       force on driven plate.

WORKING:-
1. In engage Condition (when clutch pedal is in up postion). The power is transmitted from driven shaft to driving shaft due to frictional force exerted by helical compression spring. 
2. In order to disengage the clutch , the clutch button is press downward.
3. In disengage condition the driven plate moves backward against the spring and their is no transmission of power from driven to driving shaft.

4. When clutch button is released , because of spring force the driven plate comes in contact with driven plate and the clutch is again engage.single plate clutch

Steering system

steering systemACKERMAN  STEERING  MECHANISM:-

Figure shows the schymatical layout of Ackerman Steering Mechanism, 

It consist of...

1.wheel.

2.stub axle.

3.axel beam.

4.king pin.

5.adjuster.

6.tie red.

7.rack and pinion gear.

8.steering column.

9.steering wheel.

OPERATION:

1.During operation (at the time of taking turn), driver rotates the steering wheel due to which pinion mounted on the end of steering column also start to rotate, because of steering column. 

2.The rotary motion of pinion is converted into the linear motion of the rod by using rack.

3.Because of the linear motion of tie rod, stub axle start to oscillate.

4.Hence , the wheels are turns in desire direction.

Solar Energy

This energy which is obtained from the sun in the form of heat and light is called as solar energy.
TYPES OF SOLAR POWER PLANT-
1. Solar thermal power plant.
2.Photovoltaic power plant.
SOLAR STEAM POWER PLANT:-

WORKING:
1. During operation,  the solar flat collector absorbed the heat energy from the sun and give it to the coolant.
2.This high pressurised heated coolant is further passes through heat exchanger in which water is already present.
3.The heat present in the hot coolent is absorbed by water and converted into steam at pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. 
4.This high pressurised steam is further supplied to steam turbine where it expands and produces mechanical energy in terms of rotation of turbine shaft. 
5.This mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using generator. 
6.In this way, power is to be obtained. 
7.The steam after expanding in steam turbine it further converted into water by using condenser. This condenser water again supplied to heat exchanger by using feed water circulating pump. 
In this way cycle is to be rotated.solar energy

Nuclear power plant

Nuclear Power Plant :-
The energy obtained from nuclear fuel in the form of heat is called as Nuclear energy. 

WORKING:

1.In this nuclear reactor the nuclear energy is to be produced in the form of heat energy and give it to the coolent.

2.This high pressure coolent further supplied to the heat exchanger in which water is already present. 

3.The water is converted in the steam and further supplied to steam turbine where it expands and produces mechanical energy. 

4.The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using electric generator.

5.Now the power is obtained. 

6.This steam is passed to the condenser where the steam is converted into water again .

7.Now this water is passed to heat exchanger. 

This way processed is to be obtained. 

ADVANTAGES:

1.The cost of generator power is less than the thermal power plant. 

2.There is no problem with environmental pollution. 

3.Less space is required as compared to thermal power plant. nuclear power plant

Wind power plant

HORIZONTAL AXIS  WIND  POWER PLANT:-

   

Fig. Shows the schematical layout of horizontal axis wind power plant.

It consist of:

1. Blades(2 or 3 in no.s)

2. Shaft, which is mounted on the shaft , which is further coupled to generator and connected to gearbox.

WORKING:

1.During operation due to high velocity of wind sticking on blade , due which blade start to rotate.

2.The shaft on which blade is to be mounted, is also start to rotate.

3.In this way, mechanical energy is obtained. 

4.In this,  mechanical energy  is further converted into electrical energy by using generator. 

In this way , power is to be obtained.

wind power plantwind power plant.