Vehicle System.

VEHICLE  SYSTEM:-
Layout of chasis (Components of automobile vehicle).

Various Components are,
1. Chasis. 
2. Axle.
3. Wheels. 
4. Suspension. 
5. Steering. 
6. Engine.
7. Clutch. 
8. Gearbox. 
9. Propeller shaft and universal joint. 
10. Differential gearbox. 
11. Radiator. 

1.CHASIS:
It is a metallic frame on which various components of automobile like engine,  gearbox,  clutch,  etc.  are to be mounted.

2.AXLE:
Axles are the component on which chasis is to be mounted.
Types of axle-
●Front axle~ It supports the chasis on the front side.
The steering mechanism mounted on front axle.
●Rear axle~ It supports the chasis on rear side.

3.SUSPENSION:
The chasis mounted on the axle not directly but through suspension system.
The suspension system isolate the vehicle body and passengers from the road shocks.

4.WHEELS:
This are mounted on the axle.
The load of the vehicle and passengers is supported by wheels through axle.

5.STEERING:
It is used to change the direction of front two wheels at the time of taking turns.

6.ENGINE:
It is an I.C engine which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy in terms of rotation of crank shaft.

7.CLUTCH:
It is located between gearbox and engine.
It is used to engage or disengage the driving and driven shaft, whenever required by the driver.

8.GEARBOX:
It is used to transmit the power from engine to propeller shaft through clutch.
It is used to increase or decrease the speed.

9.PROPELLER SHAFT /GEARBOX:
It is a mechanical device or element that transmits the power from gearbox to differential gearbox on rear axle.
One end of propeller shaft is connected to the gearbox output shaft through universal joint and other end of propeller shaft is connected to differential through universal joint.

10.DIFFERENTIAL GEARBOX:
It is used to transmit the power from propeller shaft to the shaft of the rear axle at right angle (90°).

11.RADIATOR:
It is mounted on the front of the vehicle and it is used for cold the hot coolent coming out from the engine and send it back to the engine.
vehicle system.com

Casting.

CASTING :-
Casting is one of the oldest method of manufacturing the metal components in which metal is first heated and poor that molten metal in the mold and allowed to solidified.

SAND CASTING PROCESS :
The process in which the mold is prepared by sand is called as sand casting process .

Steps in sand casting process-
1. Pattern making.
2. Sand mixing. 
3. Mould making.
4. Core making (optional).
5. Melting and pouring of molten metal.
6. Cooling and solidification. 
7. Cleaning and finishing. 
8. Inspection.

1. Patter making:
When the pattern of wood , metal or plastic which is used to making of cavity.

2. Sand mixing:
Prepared the sand for making of cavity.

3. Mould making:
The process of making cavity of desired shape is called as mould making. 
In sand casting process the mould is made up of sand material. 

4.Core making:
Core is the obstruction which is placed inside the mould in order to make hollow casting. 
Placed core inside the mould in order to make hollow casting. 
In sand casting process,  the core is of sand material. 

5. Melting and pouring of molten metal:
Melt the metal inside the furnace and pour the molten metal into the mould. 

6. Cooling and solidification:
After pouring the molten metal,  the mould is allowed to solidify. 

7. Cleaning and finishing:
After broken the mould,  the sand particles are stick on the casting components and they are removed by brush. 

8. Inspection:
To the inspection,  generally if defects are present, then is rejected.

casting, sand casting process.com

Cooling system.

COOLING  SYSTEM :-
The system which are used for controlling the temperature of IC engine is called as cooling system. 

TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM:
1. Air cooling system.
2. Water cooling system.

Water Cooling System:-
In this system , water or coolent is used as coolent medium.

Fig. Shows the schematical diagram of water cooling system used in IC engine.
WORKING:
1. The cylinder of IC engine is surrounded by water jackets.
2. The water of coolent flows through the water jackets and absorb heat from cylinder. 
3. The hot water from engine flows through the radiator. 
4. Initially,  the hot water from water jacket comes in heat tank and flows through radiator tubes, where it loses the heat to surrounding cold air.
5. The cold coolent is collected in collector tank and is further supplied to the water jacket by using centrifugal pump. 

cooling system, water cooling system.

Suspension system.

SUSPENSION  SYSTEM :-

Location:
In automobile vehicles,  the suspension system is mounted between chasis and axle.

Function of suspension system:
* It isolate the vehicle body from road shocks.
* To isolate the passenger and cargos from the road shocks.
* To maintain the contact between the tyres and road.

TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEMS:
● Leaf spring.
● Telescopic suspension system.
● Machperson.
● Double wishbone.

TELESCOPIC  SUSPENSION  SYSTEM :-

Fig. Shows the schematical layout of the telescopic suspension system. It consist of,
1.helical compression spring. 
2.hydraulic damper.

WORKING:-
1. In this suspension system the helical compression spring is made up of steel and this is mounted around the hydraulic damper.
2. Hydraulic damper is consisting of piston and cylinder arrangement,  which is completely filled with the oil.
3. During operation,  when road shocks acts on the vehicle and initially are absorb by helical compression spring and the oscillation of helical compression spring is restrict by hydraulic oil in the damper.

suspension system.

Pump

CENTRIFUGAL  PUMP :-
It is dynamic pressure pump.
Fig. Shows the schematical layout of centrifugal pump, It consist of-
1. Strainer.
2. Foot valve.
3. Impeller.
4. Suction pump.
5. Casing.
6. Blade.
7. Delivery pipe.
8. Electric motor shaft.

WORKING:-
Before starting of electric pump the whole pump including casing , delivery pipe, suction pipe are completely filled with water. 
This process is known as PRIMING PROCESS.
(for removing  air pockets.)

The start of electric motor causes impeller to rotate due to which the vaccum is to be created inside the casing.
Hence, the water from the sump enters into the casing through suction pipe.
The further rotation of impeller causes the water from the casing is deliver to overhead tank at high pressure.

pump

Machine tool

LATHE  MACHINE:-
Principal of operation of lathe machine.

1. In lathe machine,  the workpiece on which the motioning operation is perform is held on the chuck of head stroke.

2. And cutting tool is fixed on the tool post of carriage.

3. The field is given to the cutting tool as it is made of harder material than workpiece .

4. It removes the unwanted material from the workpiece in the cheaps so as to give required size and shape to the workpiece. 

Lathe machine operation .

*Turning            *Parting

*Facing               *Knurling

*Chamfering      *Drilling

*Grooving           *Boring

*Threading         *Reaming

TURNING:

Process-reading the diameter of workpiece. 

Cutting tool-turning tool.

Tool type- single point cutting tool.

Feed-longitudinal feed.machine tool

Brakes

BRAKES:-
Brake is a device which are used for slowdown or completely stop the motion of any moving element by applying artificial frictional resistance.

Types of brakes:
1. Block brake.
2. Band brake.
3. Internal expanding brake(drum brake).
4. Disc brake.

Internal Expanding Brake(Drum brake):-

Figure shows the schymetial diagram of internal expanding brake.
1. It consisting of 2 shoes called brake.The outer surface of brake shoe are provided with brake pads in order to retard the motion of brake drum.
2. The lower end of the shoes are pioted by using hinge pin and upper end of the brake shoes are connected to the piston of the hinge cylinder. 
3. The wheel cylinder is consisting of 2 piston  and cylinder mechanism. 

WORKING:
1. During operation, when brake pedal is press downward for applying the brake. The piston in master cylinder moves the piston in forward direction.
2. Due to which the brake oil at high pressure enters in the wheel cylinder.  Hence , the piston in wheel cylinder forces outward direction. 
3. Due to which the brake shoes are comes in the contact with the rotating brake drum. 
4. And the brake pads provided on the outer surface of brake shoes retards the motion of rotating brake drum.

    When force on brake pedal is remove , because of the retracting spring the brake shoes return to it's original position. brake

Single Plate Clutch.

SINGLE  PLATE  CLUTCH :-

Figure shows the schymetical layout of single plate clutch,
 It consist of 2 plates.
 1. Driving plate.
 It is mounted on the driving shaft.
 2. Driven plate.
 It is mounted on the driven shaft.
 CONSTRUCTION: 
   1. Driven plate is lined with friction material 
     on it's one side.
   2. This two plates keep in engage position by       helical compression spring.
   3. The helical compression spring exerts axial       force on driven plate.

WORKING:-
1. In engage Condition (when clutch pedal is in up postion). The power is transmitted from driven shaft to driving shaft due to frictional force exerted by helical compression spring. 
2. In order to disengage the clutch , the clutch button is press downward.
3. In disengage condition the driven plate moves backward against the spring and their is no transmission of power from driven to driving shaft.

4. When clutch button is released , because of spring force the driven plate comes in contact with driven plate and the clutch is again engage.single plate clutch

Steering system

steering systemACKERMAN  STEERING  MECHANISM:-

Figure shows the schymatical layout of Ackerman Steering Mechanism, 

It consist of...

1.wheel.

2.stub axle.

3.axel beam.

4.king pin.

5.adjuster.

6.tie red.

7.rack and pinion gear.

8.steering column.

9.steering wheel.

OPERATION:

1.During operation (at the time of taking turn), driver rotates the steering wheel due to which pinion mounted on the end of steering column also start to rotate, because of steering column. 

2.The rotary motion of pinion is converted into the linear motion of the rod by using rack.

3.Because of the linear motion of tie rod, stub axle start to oscillate.

4.Hence , the wheels are turns in desire direction.

Solar Energy

This energy which is obtained from the sun in the form of heat and light is called as solar energy.
TYPES OF SOLAR POWER PLANT-
1. Solar thermal power plant.
2.Photovoltaic power plant.
SOLAR STEAM POWER PLANT:-

WORKING:
1. During operation,  the solar flat collector absorbed the heat energy from the sun and give it to the coolant.
2.This high pressurised heated coolant is further passes through heat exchanger in which water is already present.
3.The heat present in the hot coolent is absorbed by water and converted into steam at pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. 
4.This high pressurised steam is further supplied to steam turbine where it expands and produces mechanical energy in terms of rotation of turbine shaft. 
5.This mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using generator. 
6.In this way, power is to be obtained. 
7.The steam after expanding in steam turbine it further converted into water by using condenser. This condenser water again supplied to heat exchanger by using feed water circulating pump. 
In this way cycle is to be rotated.solar energy

Nuclear power plant

Nuclear Power Plant :-
The energy obtained from nuclear fuel in the form of heat is called as Nuclear energy. 

WORKING:

1.In this nuclear reactor the nuclear energy is to be produced in the form of heat energy and give it to the coolent.

2.This high pressure coolent further supplied to the heat exchanger in which water is already present. 

3.The water is converted in the steam and further supplied to steam turbine where it expands and produces mechanical energy. 

4.The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by using electric generator.

5.Now the power is obtained. 

6.This steam is passed to the condenser where the steam is converted into water again .

7.Now this water is passed to heat exchanger. 

This way processed is to be obtained. 

ADVANTAGES:

1.The cost of generator power is less than the thermal power plant. 

2.There is no problem with environmental pollution. 

3.Less space is required as compared to thermal power plant. nuclear power plant

Wind power plant

HORIZONTAL AXIS  WIND  POWER PLANT:-

   

Fig. Shows the schematical layout of horizontal axis wind power plant.

It consist of:

1. Blades(2 or 3 in no.s)

2. Shaft, which is mounted on the shaft , which is further coupled to generator and connected to gearbox.

WORKING:

1.During operation due to high velocity of wind sticking on blade , due which blade start to rotate.

2.The shaft on which blade is to be mounted, is also start to rotate.

3.In this way, mechanical energy is obtained. 

4.In this,  mechanical energy  is further converted into electrical energy by using generator. 

In this way , power is to be obtained.

wind power plantwind power plant.